TB-500 Blueprint

PANEL 07 / THE SOURCES

TB-500 references and FDA sources

The complete citation register behind every panel on this site — peer-reviewed studies with DOIs and PubMed links, and the FDA pages behind the regulatory record.

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About this register

Every TB-500 reference cited across this site is listed below, numbered to match the inline markers. Studies are given with authors, journal, year, DOI, and a PubMed or DOI link. Where a finding was measured on full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the TB-500 heptapeptide, that distinction is stated in the body text that cites it. The regulatory entries point to the live FDA pages behind the 503A record [16][17][18].

  1. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  2. Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
  3. Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  4. Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. ↗
  5. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  6. Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  7. Xiong Y, et al. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin β4 treatment following experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(5):1081-1092. ↗
  8. Morris DC, et al. Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke. Neuroscience. 2010;169(2):674-682. ↗
  9. Srivastava D, Saxena A, Dimaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 and cardiac repair. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:87-96. ↗
  10. Evans MA, et al. Thymosin β4: A Multi-Faceted Tissue Repair Stimulating Protein in Heart Injury. Curr Med Chem. 2020;27(37):6294-6305. ↗
  11. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  12. Su Y, et al. Thymosin β4 promotes zebrafish Mauthner axon regeneration by facilitating actin dynamics. BMC Biol. 2024;22(1):241. ↗
  13. Wang Z, et al. Thymosin β4 increases cardiac cell proliferation, cell engraftment, and the reparative potency of mesenchymal stromal cells in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Theranostics. 2021;11(16):7995-8011. ↗
  14. Xing Y, et al. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:767785. ↗
  15. Zhu J, et al. Mechanism of thymosin β4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023;37(8):e23338. ↗
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. FDA.gov (verified 2026-05-29). ↗
  17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (entry: 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500'; effective 2023-09-29). FDA.gov. ↗
  18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda lists BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, and MOTs-C as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). FDA.gov (verified 2026-05-29). ↗
  19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (guidance finalized January 2025). FDA.gov (verified 2026-05-29). ↗